Intraosseous Anesthesia

Implications, Instrumentation and Techniques
CHRISTOPHER H. KLEBER, D.D.S.
ABSTRACT
Background
The author reviews historical methods and the instruments used to bring about intraosseous anesthesia, or IOA; discusses the criteria for successful use of the intraosseous injection, or IOI, technique; and provides recommendations.
Types of Studies Reviewed. Articles from before 1990 consisted of subjective reports of patient types and procedures performed [...]